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How the Volkswagen cheating probe developed

Fallout from Volkswagen's revelation that it engaged in cheating on emissions testing continued Monday, with the company's stock falling more than 15 percent and a Congressional subcommittee announcing an investigation into the German auto giant's conduct. Both the Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board served Volkswagen with a Notice of Violation on Friday, saying the company intentionally circumvented emissions standards by using "defeat devices." Here's a look back at the agencies' emissions enforcement history and how the charges involving Volkswagen developed. August 1998 – Honda spends $267 million to settle charges it violated the Clean Air Act by disabling "misfire monitoring devices" installed on more than 1.6 million vehicles. Ford spends $7.8 million to settle a charge it violated the Clean Air Act by installing defeat devices on 60,000 Ford Econoline vans. May 2014 – Working with the International Council on Clean Transportation, researchers at West Virginia University find significantly higher in-use emissions from a 2012 Jetta and 2013 Passat and alert the EPA to their findings. November 3, 2014 – Korean automakers Hyundai and Kia agree to pay a $100 million fine for overstating the fuel economy on several of their models by as much as six miles per gallon. In announcing the fine, government officials sought to make an example of the two companies to deter further cheating. VW officials admit the vehicles were designed with a defeat device to "bypass, defeat and render inoperative elements of the vehicle emissions control systems." "This type of conduct quite simply will not be tolerated," said then-Attorney General Eric Holder. "And the Justice Department will never rest or waver in our determination to take action against any company that engages in such activities – whenever and wherever they are uncovered." December 2, 2014 – Following discussions that stemmed from West Virginia University's findings, Volkswagen agrees to initiate a recall of 500,000 cars. The company says a software update will fix the nitrous oxide trap technology and selective catalytic reduction technology causing the cars to miss emissions thresholds. May 6, 2015 – CARB wanted to see whether the software fix implemented by Volkswagen worked. Using portable emissions measurement systems, the regulatory officials found NOx emissions were still significantly higher than expected.

Volkswagen Cross Coupe GTE concept previews new midsize CUV... again

Volkswagen has taken a big step towards the long-awaited second model to be built at its Chattanooga, TN factory, introducing the two-row Cross Coupe GTE Concept at the 2015 North American International Auto Show. The relatively handsome two-row crossover borrows its basic styling language from the CrossBlue Concept that launched at the 2013 Detroit show (that we later had a brief chance to drive), and the CrossBlue Coupe from that year's Shanghai Motor Show. To be entirely frank, it just looks like a much more production-ready version of the Shanghai concept. The more aggressive elements of that model, like its rear taillights, rounded wheel arches, and aggressive front and rear fascias, have been toned down considerably. In other words, this concept almost wouldn't look out of place on the average road. Changes in the cabin are similarly minor, with the same basic design as the CrossBlue, complemented by a 12.3-inch digital instrument cluster and a 10.1-inch touchscreen display. While it's still quite clearly a concept car interior, it's not hard to imagine VW transitioning this cockpit into a production model. Riding atop the Volkswagen Group's MQB architecture – making it a relative, albeit distant, of cars like the VW Golf, Audi TT and the Euro-market Passat – the Cross Coupe GTE is motivated by a 3.6-liter VR6 that's been mated to not one, but two electric motors (one on each axle). The gas engine offers up 276 horsepower and 258 pound-feet of torque, while the front axle's electric motor generates 54 hp and 162 lb-ft of torque, and the rear can deliver a more robust 114 hp and 199 lb-ft of torque. That cacophony can be easily boiled down to this: the Cross Coupe GTE has a total system output of 355 hp and 280 pound-feet of torque, which is good enough to get the five-seater to 60 miles per hour in six seconds, on to a top speed of 130 miles per hour. As a plug-in hybrid, though, there's more to the Cross Coupe GTE then just its power output. Range plays a big role, and in that regard, this concept is fairly average. It can cover 20 miles when its 14.1-kilowatt-hour lithium-ion battery is charged up. Beyond that, the drivetrain can be set to a number of modes to optimize the behavior of plug-in-hybrid powertrain. In E-Mode, which can be locked in via a battery hold/battery charge mode, all 20 miles of range are available, although the Cross Coupe's driver will only have the 114-hp rear axle electric motor to work with.

VW diesel scandal: South Korea could be next

To no one's surprise, there are constant new developments in the VW diesel scandal. We hit the main points in a number of posts recently, but there were other, smaller developments that we didn't put into their own post. Instead, we've collected them here. For our complete coverage of this issue, click here. There's a lot to digest, so here goes. To try and keep dealers happy, VW announced that it guarantee bonus payments to its US dealers this month worth $300 for every new car sold ($600 for each Passat). The automaker is also going to guarantee payments from the company's customer experience bonus program. A memo from VW's US chief Michael Horn said, "We understand the pressure these recent events have put your business under and we are committed to providing you support," according to Automotive News. You can see Horn speaking at an event Monday night above. There will be at least one more official investigation into just how widespread this issue. South Korea has now said it will look into the emissions numbers for around 4,000-5,000 cars there. The affected TDI engines can be found in two VW and one Audi models (Jetta, Golf and A3) in South Korea. In the US, there could be another investigation as well, since Senator John Thune, (R-SD), the chairman of the Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee, has asked the Federal Trade Commission to take a closer look. A scandal this big is not only going to affect VW. To get ahead of any possible criticism, Bosch has issued a statement saying that yes, it does make parts for the 2-liter, 4-cylinder TDI engine that is at the heart of the problem. But, in a statement emailed to Reuters, said, "We produce the components after specification of Volkswagen. The responsibility for application and integration of the components lies with Volkswagen." Looking ahead, VW said in a new statement (available below) that its new EU 6 diesel engines do, " comply with legal requirements and environmental standards." That means that, supposedly, there's no "defeat device" needed to make these engines clean enough to pass strict environmental regulations. That'll be important if VW wants to keep marketing diesel as a clean fuel. For now, the tide seems to be turning against the automaker. Volkswagen AG has issued the following information: Volkswagen is working at full speed to clarify irregularities concerning a particular software used in diesel engines.